A-B-C ( Glossary of Heart Disease)

Heart Disease — Sat, 20 Feb 2010 07:37:02 +0000

Angina pectoris
Angina pectoris commonly known as angina, is chest pain due to a lack of blood and hence oxygen supply to the heart muscle, generally due to obstruction or spasm of the coronary arteries. Coronary artery disease, the main cause of angina, is due to atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries. The term derives from the Greek ankhon (”strangling”) and the Latin pectus (”chest”), and can therefore be translated as “a strangling feeling in the chest”.

Asymptomatic
In medicine, a disease is asymptomatic while the patient does not experience any noticeable symptoms. Asymptomatic diseases may not be discovered until the patient undergoes medical tests. Some diseases remain asymptomatic for a remarkably long time.

Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis is a disease affecting arterial blood vessels. It is a chronic inflammatory response in the walls of arteries. It is commonly referred to as a “hardening” or “furring” of the arteries. It is caused by the formation of multiple plaques within the arteries. These plaque deposits lead to a restricted blood flow to the heart. Therefore, less oxygen and other nutrients reach the heart muscle. This may lead to angina pectoris or to a heart attack.

Atheroma
In pathology, an atheroma is an accumulation and swelling in artery walls that is made up of cells or cell debris, that contain lipids (cholesterol and fatty acids), calcium and a variable amount of fibrous connective tissue. In the context of heart or artery matters, atheromata are commonly referred to as atheromatous plaques (please see plaque).

Catheter (balloon or PTCA catheter)
In medicine a catheter is a tube that can be inserted into a body cavity, duct or vessel. Catheters thereby allow drainage or injection of fluids or access by surgical instruments. The process of inserting a catheter is catheterization. A balloon catheter is a type of “soft” catheter with an inflatable “balloon” at its tip which is used during a catheterization procedure to enlarge a narrow opening or passage within the body. The deflated balloon catheter is positioned, then inflated to perform the necessary procedure, and deflated again in order to be removed.

Circulatory System
The circulatory system is extremely important for sustaining life. Its proper functioning is responsible for the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to all cells, as well as the removal of carbon dioxide and waste products, maintenance of optimum pH, and the mobility of the elements, proteins and cells of the immune system. In developed countries, the two leading causes of death, myocardial infarction and stroke each may directly result from an arterial system that has been slowly and progressively compromised by years of deterioration (see atherosclerosis).

Computed tomography (CT)
Computed tomography is a medical imaging method employing tomography. Digital geometry processing is used to generate a three-dimensional image of the inside of an object from a large series of two-dimensional X-ray images taken around a single axis of rotation. The word “tomography” is derived from the Greek tomos (slice) and graphein (to write).

Coronary artery disease (CAD)
CAD is also called coronary heart disease (CHD) or atherosclerosis, is the end result of the accumulation of atheromatous plaques within the walls of the arteries that supply oxygen and nutrients to the myocardium (the muscle of the heart). The restricted blood flow may lead to angina pectoris or a heart attack.

Coronary angiography
Angiography or arteriography is a medical imaging technique in which an X-ray picture is taken to visualize the inner opening (lumen) of blood filled structures, including arteries, veins and the heart chambers. Its name comes from the Greek words angeion, “vessel”, and graphien, “to write or record”.

Coronary angioplasty (PCI or PTCA)
Coronary angioplasty (also known as percutaneous coronary intervention, PCI or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, PTCA) is a therapeutic procedure to treat the stenotic (narrowed) coronary arteries of the heart found in coronary artery disease. Angioplasty is the mechanical widening of a narrowed or totally obstructed blood vessel. These obstructions are often caused by atherosclerosis. The word is composed of the medical combining forms of the Greek words aggeios meaning “vessel” and plastos meaning “formed” or “moulded”. Angioplasty is typically performed in a minimally invasive or percutaneous method.

Coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG)
CABG also called heart bypass or bypass surgery is a surgical procedure performed to relieve angina and reduce the risk of death from coronary artery disease. Arteries or veins from elsewhere in the patient’s body are grafted to the coronary arteries to bypass atherosclerotic narrowing and improve the blood supply to the coronary circulation supplying the myocardium (heart muscle).

Contrast agent
Radiocontrast agents (also simply contrast agents or contrast materials) are compounds used to improve the visibility of internal bodily structures in an X-ray image.

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Heart Disease — Fri, 04 Sep 2009 01:54:00 +0000

Every day the average heart beats (widening and narrowing) to 100,000 times and able to pump approximately 2000 liters of blood. If until the age of 70 years, the human heart will beat 2.5 billion times as much non-stop.
Atherosclerosis comes from the Greek, which means athero is clay, and sclerosis, meaning hardening. This term is used to label a process in which a collection of fatty substances, cholesterol, cellular waste, calcium and fat compounds formed on the inside of the artery wall. This formation is often also called plaque. Generally affects the large arteries and medium size. Naturally, hardening of the arteries also occurs when we age.
Angina, is a condensation of “angina pectoris” is a Latin language to express pain in the chest. Basically, angina is a feeling pressured, uncomfortable or painful neck, shoulders back, and arms. Angina attacks usually occur for a few minutes and will disappear when we rest and take medicine.
Myocardial Infarction, is used to express a heart attack. Is due to blockage of blood flow in one or more branching arteries that supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. Termination of oxygen-rich blood flow to the heart muscle can cause permanent damage to the heart muscle. Somewhat different from the pain of angina, heart attack pain will generally last more than 15 minutes and not relieved by rest.
PTCA, an abbreviation of Percutaneus Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty, which means; through the skin (percutaneus), in the vessel (transluminal), which related to the blood vessels of the heart (coronary) and blood vessel dilation (angioplasty)
PCI, which stands for Coronary Intervention Percutaneus meaningful treatment with stent stenosis.
Stenosis, derived from the Greek shorthand which means narrowing. This term describes the narrowing of the arteries by atherosclerosis plaques. Generally, coronary stenosis diagnosed at advanced stages, where the stenosis was 75% reduced blood flow.
Restenosis, is a term used to describe the narrowing of the back of a blood vessel, which at that location previously dilaksakan Ballon Angioplasty with stents or installation
Drug Eluting stents (DES), is a type of heart stents drug dilapisis surface. Drugs found on the surface of the DES is intended to prevent the emergence of Restenosis.

Coronary Heart Disease ( Information for Patient)

Heart Disease — Wed, 02 Sep 2009 01:39:00 +0000

Causes – Diagnosis – Treatment

The heart’s like a pump work consisting of several rooms. Heart organ covered with muscles and with a variety of blood vessels in and out. The flow of blood from the lungs, where blood in the oxygen, flowing into the heart and pumped out to all parts of the body.

When the blood has been sent that contain oxygen to body tissues, they will return to the heart and is pumped back into the lungs.

The heart needs more oxygen to function optimally. But there is blood in the heart of the room itself is not functioning to supply oxygen to the heart muscle.

Special blood vessels in the outer parts of the heart, called coronary arteries, in charge of supplying the oxygen-rich blood and nutrients to the heart muscle to function properly. Three major blood vessels and blood vessels are much smaller this task.

When one or more blood vessels are blocked (usually due to the formation of blood clots in the lumen of blood vessels), blood will not reach the heart muscle at the bottom of the blockage, preventing the supply of oxygen to the heart muscle.

Coronary Heart Disease

Coronary heart disease usually caused by the emergence of “atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries), a process in which deposits of fatty material containing cholesterol (plaque) formed along the artery walls. When plaque is formed, blood vessels become narrowed.

The Causes of Coronary Heart Disease

Although Coronary Heart Disease seems to be a part of natural aging on arterial blood vessels, but he’d formed at different speeds on each person, based on a variety of factors as follows:

High blood pressure
Blood cholesterol levels are abnormal
The habit of smoking
Diabetes
Men
Obesity
Lack of exercise
Family history with Coronary Heart Disease

Each of these factors can damage blood vessels and / or accelerate the formation of plaque.

Consequences

Narrowing of blood vessels, are not capable of delivering oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle is required for activity, and this will lead to a situation that is called angina.Angina usually occurs after the patient perform physical activity or stress, when the heart muscle must work harder and requires more oxygen, such as:

Exercising
Physical activity is more severe
Eat (fatty and alcoholic beverages)
Experiencing stress is accompanied by a sudden spike in blood pressure

Angina is not the same as a heart attack, but a symptom of a heart disease in general and occurs when the arteries have narrowed by plaque that is not capable of supplying oxygen to the heart muscle (blood flow is reduced). If the coronary artery becomes blocked total (there was no blood flow), blood flow to the heart muscle will stop, and a heart attack (Myocardial Infarction) can occur, which would cause damage to our heart.

The doctor will perform various tests to diagnose Coronary Heart Disease, through:

An electrocardiogram (EGG or EKG) that measures the electrical activity of our heart. This test can show a part of the heart muscle that have experienced damage from a heart attack.
Stress Test, to record the electrical activity when our physical activity and can be the basis of information abgi doctor if part of the heart has been damaged.
Heart Catheterization (Angiography) is an act performed by a cardiologist in Catheteriazation Lab. This action requires a contrast dye squirted into the arteries that will appear at the time of X-rays emitted. This procedure can show if there has been a blockage or narrowing of heart arteries. So that the doctor can determine what actions should be implemented.

Management of Coronary Heart Disease.

Management of Coronary Heart Penyakti can be done through a combination of lifestyle changes and physical activity, diet, and Action Medical. Nitroglycerin generally be granted if the patient complains of pain arising in the chest, but please note this drug is not intended to treat the blockage itself:

Dilation with balloon / balloon dilatation (PTCA)
Installation of heart stents (PCI)
Arterial vein graft Shortcuts (CABG)

Determining which actions to be taken, based on the general condition of the patient and the level of damage, and the number of blockages that occur in heart arteries.

1. Balloon dilatation (PTCA)

Development of coronary artery heart is invasive measures undertaken to widen a clogged artery. PTCA is the medical term most often used.

At the time of PTCA, a catheter (very small tube, and subtle) is equipped with a balloon diujungnya, will be inserted through a vein (usually in the groin area) and are encouraged to enter into the heart arteries are narrowed. The balloon will be developed gradually, so as to suppress the fat tissue that causes narrowing of blood vessels and arteries dilate.

2. Installation of heart stents (PCI)

Many patients who have been executed with balloon dilation (PTCA) will experience a narrowing of the back or called restenosis, the treated area. Heart stent could reduce the risk of blockage or narrowing again after PTCA.

Heart stent is a cinicin that can be developed and made of metal (non-stainless steel or cobalt-chromium metal). This stent will be attached to a balloon and inserted similar to the action PTCA. When the balloon expanded, a stent will also be widened, and then locked in a blockage and will serve as a permanent buffer. Stent is what will keep narrowing of the arteries that remain open. So a stent in the artery will be permanently, holding the blood vessels so that blood flow to the heart muscle no longer disrupted.

3. Arterial vein graft Shortcuts (CABG)

Arterial vein graft Shortcuts (CABG) surgery is performed for patients with Coronary Heart Disease, to overcome angina and reduce the risk of heart attack.

A vein or artery from another part of the patient’s body will be grafted from the aorta to the heart arteries, to be a shortcut blockage caused by atherosclerosis and will increase blood flow to the myocardium (heart muscle)

Reference:
B. Braun Melsungen AG – Germany

10 Healthy Heart Key Things to avoid Heart Disease

Heart Disease — Thu, 27 Aug 2009 03:50:00 +0000

10 Key for Healthy Heart

Cholesterol levels should be below 200 mg%
LDL try always less than 100 mg%
Try triglyceride levels less than 200 mg%
HDL always try atas50 mg%
Fasting glucose levels less than 120 mg%
Glucose 2-hour postprandial (after meal) does not exceed 160 mg%
Virgin pressure should not exceed 140 mm Hg for systole and not exceeding 90 mm Hg for diastole.
Do not smoke or environmental tobacco smoke.
Can be well controlled stress (positive stress)
Regular exercise, gradual and measured (preferably a type of flu, such as breathing exercises, sports games, etc.)

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Coronary Heart Disease Treatment

Heart Disease — Thu, 27 Aug 2009 02:44:00 +0000

Heart surgery have long known is a coronary artery bypass surgery with the surgical procedure performed to relieve symptoms of chest pain and reduce the risk of death caused deari a heart attack. Performed by moving the arteries or veins from elsewhere in the patient’s heart to bypass (bypass) the blood vessels that have refinements to improve coronary blood vessels that supply oxygen to the heart muscles. This operation is usually performed on the heart is stopped while using the Cardiopulmonary machine called Off Pump. Heart disease in adults who require surgery in general is largely due to a process Atherosclerosis of coronary arteries, the arteries responsible for blood circulation of the heart muscles.

Atherosclerosis is a vascular disorder characterized by thickening, loss of elasticity and calcification in the walls of blood vessels that causes decreased blood flow to the heart muscles. Flow blockage of blood vessels is mainly caused by cholesterol build up.

Atherosclerosis blockage due process can be accelerated by the smoking habit, high blood pressure, increased cholesterol and diabetes (diabetes).

Someone will be higher risk for Atherosclerosis occurs when she was aged between 45 to 55 years, or found a family with a history of heart disease.

If the blockage has exceeded 50-70% of the blood vessel opening, the coronary blood flow becomes insufficient to supply the heart muscle with oxygen at the time of patient activity.

At the time the patient will experience symptoms of pain called angina, or chest. However, 25% of the patients sometimes do not feel the chest pain called Silent Angina (chest pain that is hidden). This is dangerous because the patient may experience a heart attack go unnoticed.

According to the AHA (American Heart Association) as many as 427,000 coronary heart surgery performed in the United States in 2004, making this operation a major operation most often committed. For the diagnosis of coronary heart disease may take several investigations such as electrocardiogram (ECG), Stress Test, Exercise Treadmill known, echocardiography, cardiac catheterization Scanning and CT Angiography.

Coronary Heart Disease Treatment
Beberapar treatment for coronary heart disease, including provision of drugs, intervention with catheterization procedures (Balloon & stents) and coronary bypass surgery. Techniques of operations by surgeons from Argentina, DR. Rene Favaloro at Cleveland Clinic (USA) in the late 1960s. When compared with the provision of drugs alone, the action catheterization or bypass surgery is more effective. Bypass surgery techniques but better than the catheterization in patients with blockage of blood vessels that much.

However, with the development of cardiovascular medicine technology by using more recent results were not under the operation.

ACC (American College of Cardiology) / AHA (American Heart Association) Guideline of 2004 provides guidelines for bypass surgery indications as follows:

Coronary heart disease is the base of the left coronary artery.
Coronary heart disease is about three kororner blood vessels (three vessels)
Coronary disease are numerous and widespread (diffuse) are not suitable for treatment with catheterization.

ACC / AHA Guideline Bypass in 2005, adding that bypass surgery is the treatment chosen for patients with high risk such as patients with impaired ventricular function or with diabetes.

What the Heart Surgery?
Because the heart within the chest cavity the heart surgeon will cut the skin on the chest area and cutting the breastbone (median sternotomy). During the bypass surgery procedure is the patient’s heartbeat stopped for a moment or operations performed in beating heart is still hanging with the patient’s condition. During opearsi paused heartbeat and heart function as a blood pumping machine was taken over by the heart-lung bypass. This machine will replace the function of the heart and lung function during the surgical procedure.

For blood flow to the heart of the previously used konduit disrupted blood vessels that come from the Internal Mamary right and left artery, vein Saphena Magna, radial artery, or of the right artery Gastroepiploica.

Bypass operations include sewing konduit connect with coronary artery beyond the area experiencing ayng narrowing or large arteries of the aorta, except, Mamaria Internal Gastroepiploica Artery and arteries that the other end is already connected from the beginning. This surgical procedure lasted for more than 3 hours. However long the operation depends on how much that will be bypassed. That means that the number of bypass is performed depending of the number of existing blockage in coronary arteries.

After surgery, patients will be treated specially in the room of Cardiac Intensive Care Unit (CICU). If there is no problem, in general, long treatment in CICU is up to 2 days. One day later the patient will be transferred to the regular ward for treatment and rehabilitation of injuries.

Treatment After Coronary Heart Surgery
Wound healing will take 7-14 price, while the sternum will connect again after 6 weeks. Patients should avoid sudden movements like getting up from his seat or bed, raised her hand to avoid exceeding the limit of the head.

Vein taken from the leg will cause the blood flow through the legs back to the heart will cause the foot to be swollen: Patients disaranakan to use stocking socks to reduce swelling. The swelling will be reduced or hilan after 6-8 weeks. Patients can return light activity within one week after surgery, driving a vehicle after 4 weeks and patients can return to work after 6 weeks.
In addition patients are also advised to make lifestyle changes, such as getting used to:
Exercise regularly, avoid eating fatty foods, stop smoking, control blood pressure and blood sugar levels and control blood cholesterol levels.

Bypass Surgery Risk
Overall success rate of bypass surgery is 97%. This number depends on the patient’s condition and disease before surgery. The success of the operation will greatly depend on several factors. Risks will increase when the elderly patients (aged 70 years and over), decreased heart function, blockage at the base of the left coronary artery, no diabetes, have chronic lung disease, and there is chronic k

idney disease.

Possible Complications
Some complications may occur after heart bypass surgery such as post perfusion syndrome, neurocognitive disorders as related to a heart lung bypass machine. Sternum bone is not united, cardiac infarction due to embolization or lack of blood flow, graft obstruction, renal dysfunction, stroke, wound infection or germs in the body, a thrombus in the veins. Compilation can generally be overcome.

The length of Graft Open
Blood vessels used as bypass graft is called. Graft can be damaged and clogged in a matter of months or years after bypass surgery.
Graft is said to remain open as well if the blockage is still more than 70% diameter.

Patensi (open and functioning) of the graft depends on several factors, including type of graft used, the size of the coronary arteries and the skill of surgeon. Average patensi best obtained when using the internal bypass surgery Artery Mamary still attached to the subclavian artery. Blood vessels smallest average is patensinya radial artery and internal Mamary artery that is not attached to the subclavian artery. This is the same if the origin is Saphena Vena Magna

A-B-C ( Glossary of Heart Disease)

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